LC 00455: verschil tussen versies
Geen bewerkingssamenvatting |
Geen bewerkingssamenvatting |
||
| (3 tussenliggende versies door dezelfde gebruiker niet weergegeven) | |||
| Regel 1: | Regel 1: | ||
In first-order cybernetics | In first-order cybernetics, the object of investigation was to study balancing feedback loops as control mechanisms in systems. The word cybernetics comes from Greek κυβερνητική (kybernētikḗ), meaning "governance". The field of cybernetics was pioneered by {{Cite|resource=Resource Bibliographic Reference 00053|name=John von Neuman and Norbert Wiener|dialog=process-bibliographicreference-dialog}}. The behavior of a system was observed from a distance. Gradually, it became apparent that the observer cannot be ruled out from a system because, especially in biological and social systems, the observer perceives the system in certain ways which might influence the course taken by the system. Second-order cybernetics marked a shift from observed systems to observing systems. | ||
Second-order cybernetics was pioneered by the likes of Heinz von Foerster, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead, Stafford Beer, Humberto Maturana, and Francisco Varela. Especially Von Foerster advanced the notion of second-order observation. However, {{Internal link|link=LC 00454|name=Spencer-Brown’s Laws of Form|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} provided the mathematical rigor to understand the nature of self-referential and therefore recursively operating systems. | |||
{{LC Book config}} | {{LC Book config}} | ||
{{Light Context | {{Light Context | ||
| Regel 12: | Regel 12: | ||
|Context type=Situation | |Context type=Situation | ||
|Heading=Second-Order Cybernetics | |Heading=Second-Order Cybernetics | ||
|Show referred by=Nee | |||
|Show edit button=Ja | |Show edit button=Ja | ||
|Show VE button=Ja | |Show VE button=Ja | ||
|Show title=Ja | |Show title=Ja | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{LC Book additional | {{LC Book additional | ||
|Preparatory reading= | |Preparatory reading=LC 00454 | ||
|Continue reading= | |Continue reading=LC 00488 | ||
}} | }} | ||
Huidige versie van 29 sep 2022 om 18:27
In first-order cybernetics, the object of investigation was to study balancing feedback loops as control mechanisms in systems. The word cybernetics comes from Greek κυβερνητική (kybernētikḗ), meaning "governance". The field of cybernetics was pioneered by John von Neuman and Norbert Wiener (John Neuman and Nobert Wiener, 1 januari 1948). The behavior of a system was observed from a distance. Gradually, it became apparent that the observer cannot be ruled out from a system because, especially in biological and social systems, the observer perceives the system in certain ways which might influence the course taken by the system. Second-order cybernetics marked a shift from observed systems to observing systems.
Second-order cybernetics was pioneered by the likes of Heinz von Foerster, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead, Stafford Beer, Humberto Maturana, and Francisco Varela. Especially Von Foerster advanced the notion of second-order observation. However, Spencer-Brown’s Laws of Form provided the mathematical rigor to understand the nature of self-referential and therefore recursively operating systems.
- Lees hiervoor:
- Lees hierna:
Referenties
- Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, John Neuman and Nobert Wiener, MIT Press, 2nd revised ed. 1961, 1 januari 1948.