LC 00457: verschil tussen versies

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Kritische systeemtheorie was in de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw de logische volgende stap in de ontwikkeling van de systeemtheorie. Hiervoor was al de stap gezet van een harde-systeembenadering (hard systems thinking) naar de zachtere variant (soft systems thinking). De zachte-systeembenadering werd gezien als een alternatief voor de doelgerichte, harde benadering. Het uitgangspunt van de zachte-systeembenaderingen is dat mensen de wereld verschillend interpreteren en daarmee verschillende wereldbeelden (Weltanshauung, worldview) op situaties hebben. Door het expliciteren van de wereldbeelden van de belanghebbenden in een bepaalde situatie kan een rijk, gedeeld inzicht worden verkregen in diverse aspecten van de situatie. Door het voeren van een gestructureerde dialoog kunnen dan gedragen verbeteringen worden geformuleerd die vervolgens worden geïmplementeerd. Desondanks hebben de zachte-systeembenaderingen hun beperkingen. Een van de belangrijkste is het niet kunnen omgaan met disbalans in machtsverhoudingen. Het toepassingsgebied is daarmee gelimiteerd tot situaties waar de wil aanwezig is bij de betrokkenen om gezamenlijk verbeteringen tot stand te brengen en waarin machtsmisbruik een beperkte rol speelt.
In the nineties of the last century, critical systems theory was the logical next step in the development of systems theory. Previously, the step from {{Internal link|link=LC 00456|name=hard systems thinking|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} to {{Internal link|link=LC 00452|name=soft systems thinking|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} had already been made. Soft systems thinking is seen as an alternative for the straightforward hard systems approach. The starting point for soft systems thinking is that people interpret the world differently and therefore have different worldviews (Weltanshauung) on situations. By clarifying the worldviews of the stakeholders, a rich shared insight into the various aspects of a specific situation can be gained. By conducting a structured dialogue, supported solutions can be formulated and subsequently implemented. Nonetheless, soft systems approaches have their limitations. One of the most important ones is not being able to deal with power imbalances. This limits the scope to situations in which the involved have the will to accomplish improvements together and where abuse of power only plays a limited role.
 
In the nineties of the last century, critical systems theory was the logical next step in the development of systems theory. Previously, the step from {{Internal link|link=LC 00456|name=hard systems thinking|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} to {{Internal link|link=LC 00452|name=soft systems thinking|dialog=process-linkpage-dialog}} had already been made. Soft systems thinking is seen as an alternative for the straightforward hard approach. The starting point for soft systems thinking is that people interpret the world differently and therefore have different worldviews (Weltanshauung) on situations. By clarifying the worldviews of the stakeholders, a rich shared insight into the various aspects of a specific situation can be gained. By conducting a structured dialogue, supported solutions can be formulated and subsequently implemented. Nonetheless, soft systems approaches have their limitations. One of the most important ones is not being able to deal with power imbalances. This limits the scope to situations in which the involved have the will to accomplish improvements together and where abuse of power only plays a limited role.
 
Het antwoord werd gevonden in de kritische theorie van de Frankfurter Schule, met name in het werk van Jürgen Habermas. Hiermee werd de basis gelegd voor de kritische systeemtheorie (critical systems theory). Kritische theorie is een sociale theorie die met een kritische blik kijkt naar de maatschappij met als doel inzicht te krijgen in de onderliggende mechanismen die ervoor zorgen dat sommige groepen onderdrukt worden. Kritische theorie heeft daarmee een emancipatoir karakter. Een ander kenmerk van kritische theorie is dat de maatschappij niet alleen vanaf de zijlijn wordt geanalyseerd, maar dat daadwerkelijk wordt gezocht naar mogelijkheden om de maatschappij te verbeteren.


The answer to this was found in the critical theory of the Frankfurter Schule, mainly in publications by Jürgen Habermas. It formed the basis for the critical systems theory. Critical theory is a social theory that takes a critical look at society because it wants to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms that cause certain groups to be repressed. As such, critical theory has an emancipatory character. Another characteristic of critical theory is that society is not just analysed from the sidelines, but that ways to improve society are actively sought out.
The answer to this was found in the critical theory of the Frankfurter Schule, mainly in publications by Jürgen Habermas. It formed the basis for the critical systems theory. Critical theory is a social theory that takes a critical look at society because it wants to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms that cause certain groups to be repressed. As such, critical theory has an emancipatory character. Another characteristic of critical theory is that society is not just analysed from the sidelines, but that ways to improve society are actively sought out.


De basis voor kritische systeemtheorie werd gelegd met Habermas’ inzichten die zijn verwoord in Knowledge and Human Interests (Habermas, 1978), waarin drie vormen van menselijke interessegebieden worden onderscheiden:
* Werk: maakt het mogelijk om doelstellingen te behalen gericht op het welzijn van mensen in werksituaties. Een belangrijk element hierin is het beheersen en besturen van natuurlijke en sociale processen.
* Interactie: gericht op het wederzijds begrijpen van elkaars positie in een sociaal systeem. Het gebrek aan begrip vormt een bedreiging voor de samenleving.
* Emancipatoir: mensen hebben een emancipatoire interesse, dat wil zeggen: zij willen zichzelf bevrijden en ontwikkelen. Hiervoor moet een proces van participatieve democratie worden gecreëerd gebaseerd op wat Habermas een ideal speech situation noemt: een rationeel proces gebaseerd op argumenten.
The basis for critical systems theory was laid with Habermas’ insights which were gathered in{{Cite|resource=Resource Bibliographic Reference 00054|name=‘Knowledge and Human Interests’|dialog=process-bibliographicreference-dialog}}, in which three forms of human fields of interest are distinguished:
The basis for critical systems theory was laid with Habermas’ insights which were gathered in{{Cite|resource=Resource Bibliographic Reference 00054|name=‘Knowledge and Human Interests’|dialog=process-bibliographicreference-dialog}}, in which three forms of human fields of interest are distinguished:
* Work: enables achieving goals aimed at the wellbeing of people in work situations. An important element in this is controlling natural and social processes.  
* Work: enables achieving goals aimed at the wellbeing of people in work situations. An important element in this is controlling natural and social processes.  
* Interaction: aimed at mutual understanding of each other’s positions within a social system. Lack of understanding is a threat to society.  
* Interaction: aimed at mutual understanding of each other’s positions within a social system. Lack of understanding is a threat to society.  
* Emancipation: people have an emancipatory interest, i.e. they wish to free and develop themselves. In order for this to succeed a participative democracy must be created. It is based on what Habermas calls an ideal speech situation: a rational process based on arguments.
* Emancipation: people have an emancipatory interest, i.e. they wish to free and develop themselves. In order for this to succeed a participative democracy must be created. It is based on what Habermas calls an ideal speech situation: a rational process based on arguments.
Deze interessegebieden hebben raakvlakken met respectievelijk de harde, zachte en kritische varianten van systeemdenken. Alle drie de systeembenaderingen kunnen daarom een rol spelen in het vinden van oplossingsrichtingen in een problematische situatie. Afhankelijk van de situatie kan gekozen worden voor de meest effectieve systeembenadering of een combinatie van de drie benaderingen. De verzamelnaam voor deze overkoepelende benadering is Critical System Theory (CST) (Jackson, 2003). CST heeft drie uitgangspunten:
* Kritisch bewustzijn.
* Ontwikkeling van de mens (niet alleen emancipatoir).
* Pluralisme in gekozen aanpak, zowel theoretisch (onderliggende filosofie) als methodologisch (onderzoeksaanpak).
Dit heeft geleid tot de ontwikkeling meta-methodologieën zoals Total System Intervention (TSI) (Jackson, 2003), waarmee wordt bepaald welke methoden of combinatie van methoden kan worden gebruikt in een bepaalde situatie.
These fields of interest share common traits with the hard, soft and critical varieties of systems thinking, respectively. All three systems approaches can therefore play a role in finding solution paths in a problematic situation. Depending on the situation, a choice can be made for the most effective systems approach or a combination of the three approaches. The collective name for this overall approach is Critical Systems Theory (CST) (Jackson, 2003). CST has three principles:
These fields of interest share common traits with the hard, soft and critical varieties of systems thinking, respectively. All three systems approaches can therefore play a role in finding solution paths in a problematic situation. Depending on the situation, a choice can be made for the most effective systems approach or a combination of the three approaches. The collective name for this overall approach is Critical Systems Theory (CST) (Jackson, 2003). CST has three principles:
* Critical consciousness.
* Critical consciousness.
Regel 26: Regel 12:
* Pluralism in chosen approach, both theoretically (underlying philosophy) and methodologically (research approach).
* Pluralism in chosen approach, both theoretically (underlying philosophy) and methodologically (research approach).
This has led to the development of meta methodologies such as Total Systems Intervention (TSI) (Jackson, 2003), which is used to decide which method or combination of methods can be used in a specific situation.
This has led to the development of meta methodologies such as Total Systems Intervention (TSI) (Jackson, 2003), which is used to decide which method or combination of methods can be used in a specific situation.
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Huidige versie van 24 jun 2022 om 22:06

In the nineties of the last century, critical systems theory was the logical next step in the development of systems theory. Previously, the step from hard systems thinking to soft systems thinking had already been made. Soft systems thinking is seen as an alternative for the straightforward hard systems approach. The starting point for soft systems thinking is that people interpret the world differently and therefore have different worldviews (Weltanshauung) on situations. By clarifying the worldviews of the stakeholders, a rich shared insight into the various aspects of a specific situation can be gained. By conducting a structured dialogue, supported solutions can be formulated and subsequently implemented. Nonetheless, soft systems approaches have their limitations. One of the most important ones is not being able to deal with power imbalances. This limits the scope to situations in which the involved have the will to accomplish improvements together and where abuse of power only plays a limited role.

The answer to this was found in the critical theory of the Frankfurter Schule, mainly in publications by Jürgen Habermas. It formed the basis for the critical systems theory. Critical theory is a social theory that takes a critical look at society because it wants to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms that cause certain groups to be repressed. As such, critical theory has an emancipatory character. Another characteristic of critical theory is that society is not just analysed from the sidelines, but that ways to improve society are actively sought out.

The basis for critical systems theory was laid with Habermas’ insights which were gathered in‘Knowledge and Human Interests’ (Habermas, J., 1 januari 1978), in which three forms of human fields of interest are distinguished:

  • Work: enables achieving goals aimed at the wellbeing of people in work situations. An important element in this is controlling natural and social processes.
  • Interaction: aimed at mutual understanding of each other’s positions within a social system. Lack of understanding is a threat to society.
  • Emancipation: people have an emancipatory interest, i.e. they wish to free and develop themselves. In order for this to succeed a participative democracy must be created. It is based on what Habermas calls an ideal speech situation: a rational process based on arguments.

These fields of interest share common traits with the hard, soft and critical varieties of systems thinking, respectively. All three systems approaches can therefore play a role in finding solution paths in a problematic situation. Depending on the situation, a choice can be made for the most effective systems approach or a combination of the three approaches. The collective name for this overall approach is Critical Systems Theory (CST) (Jackson, 2003). CST has three principles:

  • Critical consciousness.
  • Human development (not just emancipatory).
  • Pluralism in chosen approach, both theoretically (underlying philosophy) and methodologically (research approach).

This has led to the development of meta methodologies such as Total Systems Intervention (TSI) (Jackson, 2003), which is used to decide which method or combination of methods can be used in a specific situation.























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